THE FUTURE PATH OF TURKEY WITHIN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

WALTER SCHWIMMER
Dr Walter Schwimmer is Secretary-General of the Council of Europe.

Since 1989, when European history gathered momentum with the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Council of Europe's role and impact have changed dramatically. Now the Council of Europe - as the 'Council of Greater Europe' - has reached a turning point. Having helped the new states which emerged from the wreckage of communism to establish themselves as democracies, it is now preparing to launch new partnerships, to start working in new ways - underpinned by the Council's genuine values: democracy, the rule of law and human rights. At the same time, the Council intends to monitor states where the rule of law is still fragile and make sure that they truly apply our standards.

TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY: FOUR PILLARS OF TRADITION

LEONARD A. STONE
Dr Leonard A. Stone lectures in International Relations at Lefke European University, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

As Oral Sander writes, "its Western orientation is one fundamental aspect of Turkish foreign policy which has remained unchanged through the history of the Republic."1 The making of Turkish foreign policy has, thus, been a remarkable choice of policy. Sander to all intents and purposes should have stated that its Western orientation is the fundamental platform. Yet, this sweeping statement, while correct in its essence, fails to take note of the first two decades of the Republic, when Turkey cautiously maintained a neutral policy with regard to the Great Powers...

CYPRUS AND THE 1960 ACCORDS: NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM*

MICHAEL MORAN
Michael Moran was formerly a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Sussex in England and is the author of several books on Cyprus.

* A paper originally read at a bi-communal gathering organised by the Oslo International Peace Research Institute at the Fulbright Centre in Nicosia on 5 April 2001.

I would like to say a few things about the 1960 Cyprus Accords, by which I mean the Constitution plus the three treaties which together make up the documents that gave Cyprus independence - or at least purported to give Cyprus independence. 'Purported' because, of course, these Accords were not primarily agreements between, or solely for the benefit of, the two communities in Cyprus. Although the new Republic was a party to the Accords, first and foremost they were international agreements between Britain, Greece, and Turkey devised very much with

HOT BARGAINING: THE MIDDLE EAST 2001

ABDEL MONEM SAID ALY
Dr Abdel Monem Said Aly is the Director of Al Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, Cairo, Egypt.

For over a century, the Middle East has been going through massive transformations; some peaceful, others bloody. For decades, the Arabs and Israelis fought each other for affirmation of their national identities, territories and natural resources. For the Israelis, the fight was for a self-recognised sense of nationhood that would gather all the Jews of the world in the Holy Land of Palestine. For the Arabs, the fight was to rectify the 'original sin' of uprooting the Palestinians from their historical homeland and thus depriving them of the right of self-determination.

A TRAGIC HERO: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF EHUD BARAK

DOV WAXMAN
Dov Waxman is a Ph.D. candidate in International Relations and Middle East Studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. He was a visiting fellow at the Moshe Dayan Centre for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, from 1999 to 2000.

One cannot help but feel sorry for Israel's former Prime Minister, Ehud Barak. He has suffered a string of humiliating rejections, first from Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, then from the Israeli electorate, and finally from his own political party. The spectacle of Mr Barak's political downfall has been truly dazzling with its many twists and turns and moments of hope quickly turning to despair

PROTEST IN THE NAME OF GOD: ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS IN THE ARAB WORLD

ÖZLEM TÜR KAVLI
Özlem Tür Kavli is a Research Assistant at the Department of International Relations, Middle East Technical University, Ankara and a Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Middle East and Islamic Studies, University of Durham, UK.

INTRODUCTION
Islamist movements continue to hold a significant position in the political and social map of the Arab countries. Coming to the attention of the West for the first time with the Iranian Revolution, these movements have increased their power over time and become a major force in the region. Rather than being monolithic, Islamist movements include a wide range of groups from small militant organisations to larger political parties that enter elections and continue their existence by democratic means.

HUMAN RIGHTS, FOREIGN POLICY AND THE QUESTION OF INTERVENTION

IHSAN DAGI
Dr Ihsan Dagi is an Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.

Since the emergence of the modern (European) international society of states with the treaty of Westphalia (1648), international relations have been based on the principle of sovereignty. Mutual recognition of the sovereign equality of states requires each state to refrain from intervention in the sovereign rights of the other. Yet, in the contemporary world of complex relationships, not only the scope and content of 'sovereign' rights of states but also non-intervention as a guiding principle of international relations have become debatable. The emergence of human rights as an international issue has played a significant role in bringing...

HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: THE EVOLUTION OF THE IDEA AND PRACTICE

SABAN KARDAS
Saban Kardas is a Research Assistant at the Department of International Relations, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
The author would like to thank to Dr Ihsan Dagi for his insightful comments on the earlier draft of the article.

INTRODUCTION
In the post-Cold War era, the discussion on human rights and its promotion at the international level has proliferated, and this has coincided with a growing tendency to see a linkage between violations of human rights and international security. Drastic changes in international relations since the end of the Cold War have increased the probability of intervention with or without UN Security Council authorisation. Thus, the debate about humanitarian intervention has been reheated, generating a considerable literature, besides the increasing state practice. This article is an attempt to comprehend and illuminate this controversial issue.

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GEOPOLITICAL BREAKTHROUGH AND EMERGING CHALLENGES: THE CASE OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS

ELKHAN NURIYEV
Dr Elkhan Nuriyev is Director of the Centre for International Studies in Baku, Azerbaijan. He is currently Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow in the Arbeitsstelle Friedensforschung Bonn/Peace Research Centre in Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany.

INTRODUCTION
Since the break up of the Soviet Union, the South Caucasus has become vitally important to economic and security considerations, both regionally and globally. In fact, the world community's renewed attention has led to the region's reappearance on the international stage. Simultaneously, the contemporary fragile stability of three newly independent states of the South Caucasus - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia - is arousing serious anxiety in the Western democracies. 

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DEMOCRATISATION AND MINORITY RIGHTS IN THE POST-COMMUNIST BALKAN STATES

BIROL AKGÜN
Dr Birol Akgün is Assistant Professor at the Department of International Relations, Selçuk University, Konya.

INTRODUCTION
With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of new independent states, scholars have turned their attention to developments in Eastern Europe. The expectation that a liberal democracy would soon replace ex-totalitarian regimes in the region is only partly realised. While some states (mostly in Central Europe) achieved a working democracy and were able to maintain domestic peace and security, some others (mostly in the Balkans) witnessed bloody wars and civil conflicts in the last decade. Readjustment of the borders in the Balkans reawakened old hatreds and ethnic hostilities causing unprecedented human suffering, which were quelled only by the intervention of the international community such as in the Bosnia and Kosovo wars.

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ISMET INÖNÜ AND THE MAKING OF MODERN TURKEY

by Faruk Logoglu, Ankara: Ajans-Türk Basin ve Basim AS,
1998, pp. vii, 248.

YÜCEL GÜÇLÜ
Dr Yücel Güçlü is Minister-Counsellor at the Turkish Embassy to the Holy See.

Ismet Inönü and the Making of Modern Turkey is the outgrowth of Faruk Logoglu's Ph.D. dissertation drafted at the University of Princeton, USA, under the supervision of Professor Manfred Halpern. Mr Logoglu cuts a broad swathe through the history of twentieth century Turkey in pursuit of a man who was absorbed in the major national and international questions of his day.This survey is, at its core, a personal and political profile of the eminent statesman Ismet Inönü (1884-1973). At the beginning of the Third Millennium, the image of Inönü, considered the co-founder, along with Kemal Atatürk, of Republican Turkey in 1923, remains largely untarnished.  

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